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If you're just starting with Java, it's essential to cover fundamental topics that will give you a strong foundation in the language. Here is a comprehensive list of Java topics for beginners, organized in a logical sequence to facilitate learning:

1. Introduction to Java

• What is Java?
• History of Java
• Features of Java
• Java Development Kit (JDK), Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
• Installing JDK and setting up the environment

2. Basic Syntax

• Writing your first Java program
• Understanding the structure of a Java program
• Comments in Java
• Java identifiers and keywords
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3. Data Types and Variables

• Primitive data types (int, float, double, char, boolean, etc.)
• Non-primitive data types (Strings, Arrays, Classes, etc.)
• Variables and constants
• Type casting and type conversion

4. Operators

• Arithmetic operators
• Relational operators
• Logical operators
• Assignment operators
• Unary operators
• Ternary operators
• Bitwise operators

5. Control Statements

• Conditional statements (if, if-else, switch-case)
• Looping statements (for, while, do-while)
• Break, continue, and return statements

6. Arrays

• One-dimensional arrays
• Multi-dimensional arrays
• Array manipulation and common operations
• Enhanced for loop

7. Strings

• String class and its methods
• String concatenation and comparison
• StringBuilder and StringBuffer
• Immutable strings

8. Methods

• Defining and calling methods
• Method overloading
• Passing arguments and returning values
• Recursion

9. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts

• Classes and objects
• Constructors
• Instance and class variables (static variables)
• Instance and class methods (static methods)
• this keyword

10. Inheritance

• Types of inheritance
• super keyword
• Method overriding
• Dynamic method dispatch
• Abstract classes and methods
• Interfaces
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11. Polymorphism

• Compile-time polymorphism (method overloading)
• Runtime polymorphism (method overriding)
• Type casting in objects

12. Encapsulation

• Access modifiers (private, default, protected, public)
• Getter and setter methods

13. Abstraction

• Abstract classes
• Interfaces and their use

14. Packages and Access Modifiers

• Creating and using packages
• Importing packages
• Understanding the role of access modifiers in packages

15. Exception Handling

• Types of exceptions
• Try-catch block
• Finally block
• Throwing exceptions
• Creating custom exceptions

16. Basic Input and Output

• Reading input using Scanner class
• Writing output using System.out
• File I/O basics (FileReader, FileWriter, BufferedReader, BufferedWriter)

17. Collections Framework

• Introduction to the Collections Framework
• List, Set, and Map interfaces
• Commonly used classes: ArrayList, LinkedList, HashSet, TreeSet, HashMap, TreeMap
• Iterating over collections (Iterator, for-each loop)

18. Introduction to Java 8 Features

• Lambda expressions
• Functional interfaces
• Stream API
• Default and static methods in interfaces

19. Basic Concurrency

• Introduction to threads and multithreading
• Creating and running threads
• Thread lifecycle
• Synchronization
• Concurrency utilities (Executors, Concurrent collections)

20. Basic GUI Programming (Optional)

• Introduction to Swing
• Creating simple GUI applications
• Event handling
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